Post by RealPitBull on Aug 6, 2009 9:50:21 GMT -5
DOG BREED SPECIFIC LEGISLATION: THE COST TO PEOPLE, PETS AND VETERINARIANS, AND THE DAMAGE TO THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND
Jane Berkey, President
Animal Farm Foundation, Inc.
Veterinarians, their clients, and their clients’ pets in 300 cities and towns in the United States
live with special burdens and added costs because of ordinances banning or restricting dogs of
one or more breeds and breed mixes. Thirty-six breeds of dogs and mixes of those breeds
have been restricted, in various combinations and groupings. These restrictions and bans
compromise the human-animal bond and complicate the professional landscape for
veterinarians.
AVMA, the CDC, the National Animal Control Association, the Association of Pet Dog Trainers,
and virtually all animal welfare charities oppose breed-specific regulation.1 AVMA PLIT
recently released a statement opposing breed discrimination by insurers.
There has never been any evidence that breed bans or restrictions contribute to improved
public safety. The Netherlands repealed its breed ban last year because, based upon a report
from a committee of experts, the ban had not led to any decrease in dog bites.2 Italy repealed
its breed-specific regulations in April of this year.3
DEMONIZED DOGS THEN
As America’s conflict over slavery intensified, public attitudes towards the bloodhound
paralleled the increasingly negative attitudes towards the dogs’ most publicized function: slave
catching. The depiction of the slave catcher’s dog in stage re-enactments of UNCLE TOM’S
CABIN made him an object of dread to ordinary citizens, and an object of attraction to dog
owners who wanted dogs for anti-social purposes. As these owners acquired more and more
dogs, serious incidents – and fatalities – associated with dogs identified as bloodhounds
became prominent in the public press. 4
In the 20th century, other groups of dogs replaced the bloodhound as objects of dread, most
notably the German Shepherd (which, in 1925, a New York City magistrate said should be
banned ;5 and which were, in fact, banned in Australia from 1928 until 19736), the Doberman
Pinscher (frequently associated with soldiers of the Third Reich), and the Rottweiler (portrayed
as the guardian of Satan’s child in the popular 1976 film THE OMEN).
DEMONIZED DOGS NOW
Early in the 20th century, pit bull type dogs enjoyed an excellent popular reputation. An
American Bull Terrier had symbolized the United States on a World War One propaganda
poster. “Tighe”, a pit bull type dog, had helped sell Buster Brown shoes. Pete the Pup, the
“little rascals” pit bull pal of the Our Gang comedies, was the first AKC-registered Staffordshire
Terrier (Registration number A-103929).
In 1976, the Federal government amended the Animal Welfare Act to make trafficking in dogs
for the purposes of dog fighting a crime. The media focused on the dogs, rather than on the
people who fought the dogs; and the dogs made headlines. Monster myths of super-canine
2
powers began to dominate the stories.7 As had happened to the bloodhound, the myths
attracted the kind of owners who use dogs for negative functions. Sensationalized, saturation
news reporting of incidents involving dogs called pit bulls, linked them in the public mind
almost exclusively with criminal activity. This small subset of dogs being used for these
negative purposes came to define the millions of pit bull type dogs living companionably at
home.
WRONG NUMBERS, NOT STATISTICS
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) attempted to identify the breeds of dogs involved in
fatal human attacks. 8 The study period, 1979 – 1998, happened to coincide with the
sensationalized media portrayal and resulting notoriety of pit bulls and Rottweilers.4,7
In reporting their findings, the researchers made clear that the breeds of dogs said to be
involved in human fatalities had varied over time, pointing out that the period 1975-1980
showed a different distribution of breeds than the later years.8 Subsequently, Karen Delise of
the National Canine Research Council reported that, in the decade 1966-1975, fewer than 2%
of all dogs involved in fatal attacks in the United States were identified as of the breeds that
figured prominently in the CDC study. 4
The CDC has since concluded that their single-vector epidemiological approach did not
“identify specific breeds that are most likely to bite or kill, and thus is not appropriate for policymaking
decisions related to the topic.”1 AVMA has published a statement to the same effect.9
“Dog bite statistics are not statistics, and do not give an accurate representation of dogs that
bite.”10 Nevertheless, the questionable data-set covering only one particular 20-year period,
and not the researchers’ conclusions and recommendations, is repeatedly cited in legislative
forums, in the press, and in the courts to justify breed discrimination. Dr. Gail Golab of the
AVMA, one of the researchers involved in the CDC project, said, “The whole point of our
summary was to explain why you can't do that. But the media and the people who want to
support their case just don't look at that.”11
The researchers had suspected that media coverage of “newsworthy” breeds could have
resulted in “differential ascertainment” of fatalities by breed attribution. Relying on media
archives, of the 327 fatalities identified within the 20-year period, the researchers located
breed or breed-mix identifications for 238, approximately 72% of the total. More than 25 breeds
of dogs were identified.8
Of those incidents for which the researchers could find no breed attributions (n = 89), Karen
Delise of the National Canine Research Council later located breed attributions in 40; and 37
of these cases involved dogs identified as other than Rottweiler and pit bull, a result that
confirmed the researchers concerns regarding ”differential ascertainment” of incidents because
of breed bias .12
In addition to the problem of the small, unrepresentative, and incomplete data sets, the
researchers expressed concern about the reliability of the breed identifications they had
obtained, and were uncertain how to count attacks involving “cross bred” dogs.8
3
It is estimated that at least one-half of the dogs in the United States are mixed breed dogs.13
What is the reliability or significance of a visual breed identification of a dog of unknown history
and genetics?
Pit bull is not a breed, but describes a group of dogs that includes American Staffordshire
Terriers, Staffordshire Bull Terriers, American Pit Bull Terriers, an increasing number of other
pure breeds, and an ever-increasing group of dogs that are presumed, on the basis of
appearance, to be mixes of one or more of those breeds. Ordinances restricting or banning
dogs generally rely on someone’s visual assessment of their physical characteristics.
The modern science of genetics renders a breed label based on visual identification
problematic. According to Sue DeNise, vice-president of MMI Genomics, creators the Canine
Heritage Breed Test for mixed breed dogs, each test result is furnished to the dog owner with
the following proviso: “Your dog’s visual appearance may vary from the listed breed(s) due to
the inherent randomness of phenotypic expression in every individual.”14
Scott and Fuller, in their landmark genetic studies, produced offspring of considerable
phenotypic variety from purebred and F1 crosses.
Breed identification of a mixed breed dog based on its phenotype is unscientific, and is likely to
be contradicted by a DNA test. A study to be published in the Journal of Applied Animal
Welfare Science points to a substantial discrepancy between visual identifications of dogs by
adoption agency personnel and the breeds identified in the same dogs through DNA analysis.
Of 16 mixed breed dogs labeled as being partly a specified breed, in only 25% of these dogs
was that breed also detected by DNA analysis. 15
THE LANDSCAPE OF BREED SPECIFIC LEGISLATION
Legislative restrictions range from an outright ban in Denver, Colorado, where, since 1989,
thousands of dogs have been seized and killed16; to a regulatory catalog of muzzling,
neutering, and confinement mandates that only apply to the regulated group, however defined;
and to requirements that owners pay special license fees and maintain higher levels of liability
insurance. Apart from statutory requirements, some homeowners’ insurers are imposing
special requirements before they will include liability coverage for dogs of certain breeds, or
are declining to cover dogs of an increasing number of breeds altogether. Rental apartments,
planned communities, campgrounds, and neighborhood associations impose a wide range of
special rules or restrictions regarding many breeds of dogs.
In a jurisdiction with breed-specific regulations, veterinarians can easily be drawn into an
official controversy. When a police officer in Maquoketa, Iowa identified a dog as a pit bull
and served notice on the owner that she had to remove it from the town, the owner appealed
to the state Office of Citizen’s Aide/Ombudsman. The 21- page report that resulted, chronicles
the failure to arrive at an agreed-upon breed identification for the dog. Among other
documents, the owner produced vaccination certificates from her veterinarian that described
the dog as a “Rott-mix.” The town countered with another veterinarian’s intake form that
described the dog as a “pit mix”.17
4
In January, 2009, the U.S. Department of the Army banned Chows, Rottweilers, pit bulls, wolfhybrids
and Doberman Pinschers from all privatized military housing. The previous July, Fort
Hood, Texas banned pit bulls and pit bull mixes from government housing. The Fort Hood
mission support order specifies that, in the event of a dispute, “the Fort Hood Veterinary Clinic
[emphasis mine] will be the deciding authority to determine if a dog is a Pit Bull [sic] cross.”18
HUMANE COMMUNITIES ARE SAFER COMMUNITIES
In “A Community Approach to Dog bite Prevention,” the AVMA Task Force reported, “An oftenasked
question is what breed or breeds of dogs are ‘most dangerous’? This inquiry can be
prompted by a serious attack by a specific dog, or it may be the result of media-driven
portrayals of a specific breed as ‘dangerous.’ . . . singling out 1 or 2 breeds for control . . .
ignores the true scope of the problem and will not result in a responsible approach to
protecting a community’s citizens.”10 Delise, based upon her study of fatal attacks over the
past five decades, has identified poor ownership/management practices involved in the
overwhelming majority of these incidents: owners obtaining dogs, and maintaining them as
resident dogs outside of the household for purposes other than as family pets (i.e. guarding/
protection, fighting, intimidation/status); owners failing to humanely contain, control and
maintain their dogs (chained dogs, loose roaming dogs, cases of abuse/neglect); owners
failing to knowledgably supervise interaction between children and dogs; and owners failing to
spay or neuter resident dogs not used for competition, show, or in a responsible breeding
program.4
Focusing on breed or phenotype diverts attention from strategies veterinarians and other
animal experts have consistently identified as contributing to humane and safer communities.
BREED LABELING AND VETERINARY PRACTICE
In an environment of breed discrimination, the breed identification of a dog can have serious
consequences with municipal authorities, animal shelters, landlords, and insurers, all of which
will compromise the bond between a family and their dogs. Ordinances may obligate owners
with expensive special housing and containment requirements. Owners may even be forced to
choose between sending a beloved family pet away, or surrendering it to be killed.
Veterinarians who attempt to visually identify the breeds that might make up a dog do not
derive any benefit from this activity, while the client may hold the veterinarians to the same
professional standard as they would with respect to the delivery of medical services.
It is impossible to breed label dogs of unknown origin and genetics solely on the basis of their
appearance. There is so much behavioral variability within each breed, and even more within
breed mixes, that we cannot reliably predict a dog’s behavior or suitability based on breed
alone. Each dog is an individual. 19 Owners may be influenced as to what behavior to expect
from their dog, based upon breed stereotypes.20 Veterinarians must take the lead, and free
themselves from stereotypes, in order to better serve their clients, their clients’ animals, and
society.
REFERENCES
5
(Additional references available from the author.)
1 www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Dog-Bites/dogbite-factsheet.html;
www.avma.org/issues/policy/dangerous_animal_legislation.asp;
www.nacanet.org/poldanger.html;
www.apdt.com/about/ps/breed_specific_legis.aspx.
2 Associated Press, “Dutch government to lift 25-year ban on pit bulls,” June 10, 2008
3 ANSA, “Italy Scraps Dangerous dog Blacklist,” March 3, 2009
4 K. Delise, The Pit Bull Placebo: The Media, Myths, and Politics of Canine Aggression, Anubis
Publishing, Ramsey, New Jersey, 2007
5 New York Times, January 1, 1925
6 German Shepherd Dog Club of South Australia, “History of the Breed,”
gsdcsa.org.au/breedhistory.htm.
7 New York Times, ‘Sport’ Pitting Dog Against Dog Is Reported Spreading Secretly,’ December
10, 1978; E.M. Swift,“The Pit Bull: Friend and Killer,” Sports Illustrated, July 27, 1987;D. Brand,
“Time Bomb on legs,” Time Magazine July 27, 1987
8 J. Sacks, L. Sinclair, G. Golab, et al, “Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the
United States between 1979 and 1998,” JAVMA, Vol 217, No. 6, Sept 15, 2000.
9 AVMA, “To Whom It May Concern,” open letter, copy furnished upon request
10 B. Beaver, et al, “A community approach to dog bite prevention: American Veterinary
Medical Association Task Force on Canine Aggression and Human-Canine Interactions,”
JAVMA, Vol 218, No. 11, June 11, 2001
11 Golab quoted in “Dangerous Breeds?”, Best Friends Magazine, Sept/Oct 2004, p 14
12 nationalcanineresearchcouncil.com/dog-bites/dog-bite-studies/wrong-numbers-notstats/;
G. Patronek, S. Slavinski, “Zoonosis Update: Animal Bites,” JAVMA, VOL 234, No. 3,
February 1, 2009.
13 B. Beaver, “In Opposition to the Ontario Law,” affidavit submitted in Cochrane v In Right of
Ontario, Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Court File No. 05-CV-295948PDI
14 Quoted in J. Brackman, “Can DNA Decipher the Mix?” The Bark, Issue #50, Sep/Oct 2008
15 V. Voith, E. Ingram, K Mitsouras, et al, “Comparison of Adoption Agency Identification and
DNA Breed Identification of Dogs,” Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, In Press July
2009
16 K. Delise, “Denver: Selective Counting and the Cost to Dogs and People, Animal Law
Coalition, www.animallawcoalition.com/breed-bans/article/648
17 Investigative Report State of Iowa Citizens’ Aide/Ombudsman, “Investigation of Maquoketa’s
Pit Bull Ban Ordinance and Enforcement,” Case File 0603634, December 21, 2006.
18 HQ, III Corps & Fort Hood Fort Hood, TX 76544 041229LAug 08, MISSION SUPPORT
ORDER PC 08-07-269
19 A. Marder and B. Clifford, “Breed Labeling dogs of Unknown Origin,”
nationalcanineresearchcouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/breedlabelingncrc.pdf
20 Duffy, D.L. et al, “Breed differences in canine aggression,” Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci, (2008)
doi: 10.1016jf.applamin.2008.04.006; S. Gosling, et al, “A Dog’s Got Personality: A Cross
Species Comparative Approach to Personality Judgments in Dogs and Humans,” Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, Vol. 85, No.6, 1161-1169
Jane Berkey, President
Animal Farm Foundation, Inc.
Veterinarians, their clients, and their clients’ pets in 300 cities and towns in the United States
live with special burdens and added costs because of ordinances banning or restricting dogs of
one or more breeds and breed mixes. Thirty-six breeds of dogs and mixes of those breeds
have been restricted, in various combinations and groupings. These restrictions and bans
compromise the human-animal bond and complicate the professional landscape for
veterinarians.
AVMA, the CDC, the National Animal Control Association, the Association of Pet Dog Trainers,
and virtually all animal welfare charities oppose breed-specific regulation.1 AVMA PLIT
recently released a statement opposing breed discrimination by insurers.
There has never been any evidence that breed bans or restrictions contribute to improved
public safety. The Netherlands repealed its breed ban last year because, based upon a report
from a committee of experts, the ban had not led to any decrease in dog bites.2 Italy repealed
its breed-specific regulations in April of this year.3
DEMONIZED DOGS THEN
As America’s conflict over slavery intensified, public attitudes towards the bloodhound
paralleled the increasingly negative attitudes towards the dogs’ most publicized function: slave
catching. The depiction of the slave catcher’s dog in stage re-enactments of UNCLE TOM’S
CABIN made him an object of dread to ordinary citizens, and an object of attraction to dog
owners who wanted dogs for anti-social purposes. As these owners acquired more and more
dogs, serious incidents – and fatalities – associated with dogs identified as bloodhounds
became prominent in the public press. 4
In the 20th century, other groups of dogs replaced the bloodhound as objects of dread, most
notably the German Shepherd (which, in 1925, a New York City magistrate said should be
banned ;5 and which were, in fact, banned in Australia from 1928 until 19736), the Doberman
Pinscher (frequently associated with soldiers of the Third Reich), and the Rottweiler (portrayed
as the guardian of Satan’s child in the popular 1976 film THE OMEN).
DEMONIZED DOGS NOW
Early in the 20th century, pit bull type dogs enjoyed an excellent popular reputation. An
American Bull Terrier had symbolized the United States on a World War One propaganda
poster. “Tighe”, a pit bull type dog, had helped sell Buster Brown shoes. Pete the Pup, the
“little rascals” pit bull pal of the Our Gang comedies, was the first AKC-registered Staffordshire
Terrier (Registration number A-103929).
In 1976, the Federal government amended the Animal Welfare Act to make trafficking in dogs
for the purposes of dog fighting a crime. The media focused on the dogs, rather than on the
people who fought the dogs; and the dogs made headlines. Monster myths of super-canine
2
powers began to dominate the stories.7 As had happened to the bloodhound, the myths
attracted the kind of owners who use dogs for negative functions. Sensationalized, saturation
news reporting of incidents involving dogs called pit bulls, linked them in the public mind
almost exclusively with criminal activity. This small subset of dogs being used for these
negative purposes came to define the millions of pit bull type dogs living companionably at
home.
WRONG NUMBERS, NOT STATISTICS
The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) attempted to identify the breeds of dogs involved in
fatal human attacks. 8 The study period, 1979 – 1998, happened to coincide with the
sensationalized media portrayal and resulting notoriety of pit bulls and Rottweilers.4,7
In reporting their findings, the researchers made clear that the breeds of dogs said to be
involved in human fatalities had varied over time, pointing out that the period 1975-1980
showed a different distribution of breeds than the later years.8 Subsequently, Karen Delise of
the National Canine Research Council reported that, in the decade 1966-1975, fewer than 2%
of all dogs involved in fatal attacks in the United States were identified as of the breeds that
figured prominently in the CDC study. 4
The CDC has since concluded that their single-vector epidemiological approach did not
“identify specific breeds that are most likely to bite or kill, and thus is not appropriate for policymaking
decisions related to the topic.”1 AVMA has published a statement to the same effect.9
“Dog bite statistics are not statistics, and do not give an accurate representation of dogs that
bite.”10 Nevertheless, the questionable data-set covering only one particular 20-year period,
and not the researchers’ conclusions and recommendations, is repeatedly cited in legislative
forums, in the press, and in the courts to justify breed discrimination. Dr. Gail Golab of the
AVMA, one of the researchers involved in the CDC project, said, “The whole point of our
summary was to explain why you can't do that. But the media and the people who want to
support their case just don't look at that.”11
The researchers had suspected that media coverage of “newsworthy” breeds could have
resulted in “differential ascertainment” of fatalities by breed attribution. Relying on media
archives, of the 327 fatalities identified within the 20-year period, the researchers located
breed or breed-mix identifications for 238, approximately 72% of the total. More than 25 breeds
of dogs were identified.8
Of those incidents for which the researchers could find no breed attributions (n = 89), Karen
Delise of the National Canine Research Council later located breed attributions in 40; and 37
of these cases involved dogs identified as other than Rottweiler and pit bull, a result that
confirmed the researchers concerns regarding ”differential ascertainment” of incidents because
of breed bias .12
In addition to the problem of the small, unrepresentative, and incomplete data sets, the
researchers expressed concern about the reliability of the breed identifications they had
obtained, and were uncertain how to count attacks involving “cross bred” dogs.8
3
It is estimated that at least one-half of the dogs in the United States are mixed breed dogs.13
What is the reliability or significance of a visual breed identification of a dog of unknown history
and genetics?
Pit bull is not a breed, but describes a group of dogs that includes American Staffordshire
Terriers, Staffordshire Bull Terriers, American Pit Bull Terriers, an increasing number of other
pure breeds, and an ever-increasing group of dogs that are presumed, on the basis of
appearance, to be mixes of one or more of those breeds. Ordinances restricting or banning
dogs generally rely on someone’s visual assessment of their physical characteristics.
The modern science of genetics renders a breed label based on visual identification
problematic. According to Sue DeNise, vice-president of MMI Genomics, creators the Canine
Heritage Breed Test for mixed breed dogs, each test result is furnished to the dog owner with
the following proviso: “Your dog’s visual appearance may vary from the listed breed(s) due to
the inherent randomness of phenotypic expression in every individual.”14
Scott and Fuller, in their landmark genetic studies, produced offspring of considerable
phenotypic variety from purebred and F1 crosses.
Breed identification of a mixed breed dog based on its phenotype is unscientific, and is likely to
be contradicted by a DNA test. A study to be published in the Journal of Applied Animal
Welfare Science points to a substantial discrepancy between visual identifications of dogs by
adoption agency personnel and the breeds identified in the same dogs through DNA analysis.
Of 16 mixed breed dogs labeled as being partly a specified breed, in only 25% of these dogs
was that breed also detected by DNA analysis. 15
THE LANDSCAPE OF BREED SPECIFIC LEGISLATION
Legislative restrictions range from an outright ban in Denver, Colorado, where, since 1989,
thousands of dogs have been seized and killed16; to a regulatory catalog of muzzling,
neutering, and confinement mandates that only apply to the regulated group, however defined;
and to requirements that owners pay special license fees and maintain higher levels of liability
insurance. Apart from statutory requirements, some homeowners’ insurers are imposing
special requirements before they will include liability coverage for dogs of certain breeds, or
are declining to cover dogs of an increasing number of breeds altogether. Rental apartments,
planned communities, campgrounds, and neighborhood associations impose a wide range of
special rules or restrictions regarding many breeds of dogs.
In a jurisdiction with breed-specific regulations, veterinarians can easily be drawn into an
official controversy. When a police officer in Maquoketa, Iowa identified a dog as a pit bull
and served notice on the owner that she had to remove it from the town, the owner appealed
to the state Office of Citizen’s Aide/Ombudsman. The 21- page report that resulted, chronicles
the failure to arrive at an agreed-upon breed identification for the dog. Among other
documents, the owner produced vaccination certificates from her veterinarian that described
the dog as a “Rott-mix.” The town countered with another veterinarian’s intake form that
described the dog as a “pit mix”.17
4
In January, 2009, the U.S. Department of the Army banned Chows, Rottweilers, pit bulls, wolfhybrids
and Doberman Pinschers from all privatized military housing. The previous July, Fort
Hood, Texas banned pit bulls and pit bull mixes from government housing. The Fort Hood
mission support order specifies that, in the event of a dispute, “the Fort Hood Veterinary Clinic
[emphasis mine] will be the deciding authority to determine if a dog is a Pit Bull [sic] cross.”18
HUMANE COMMUNITIES ARE SAFER COMMUNITIES
In “A Community Approach to Dog bite Prevention,” the AVMA Task Force reported, “An oftenasked
question is what breed or breeds of dogs are ‘most dangerous’? This inquiry can be
prompted by a serious attack by a specific dog, or it may be the result of media-driven
portrayals of a specific breed as ‘dangerous.’ . . . singling out 1 or 2 breeds for control . . .
ignores the true scope of the problem and will not result in a responsible approach to
protecting a community’s citizens.”10 Delise, based upon her study of fatal attacks over the
past five decades, has identified poor ownership/management practices involved in the
overwhelming majority of these incidents: owners obtaining dogs, and maintaining them as
resident dogs outside of the household for purposes other than as family pets (i.e. guarding/
protection, fighting, intimidation/status); owners failing to humanely contain, control and
maintain their dogs (chained dogs, loose roaming dogs, cases of abuse/neglect); owners
failing to knowledgably supervise interaction between children and dogs; and owners failing to
spay or neuter resident dogs not used for competition, show, or in a responsible breeding
program.4
Focusing on breed or phenotype diverts attention from strategies veterinarians and other
animal experts have consistently identified as contributing to humane and safer communities.
BREED LABELING AND VETERINARY PRACTICE
In an environment of breed discrimination, the breed identification of a dog can have serious
consequences with municipal authorities, animal shelters, landlords, and insurers, all of which
will compromise the bond between a family and their dogs. Ordinances may obligate owners
with expensive special housing and containment requirements. Owners may even be forced to
choose between sending a beloved family pet away, or surrendering it to be killed.
Veterinarians who attempt to visually identify the breeds that might make up a dog do not
derive any benefit from this activity, while the client may hold the veterinarians to the same
professional standard as they would with respect to the delivery of medical services.
It is impossible to breed label dogs of unknown origin and genetics solely on the basis of their
appearance. There is so much behavioral variability within each breed, and even more within
breed mixes, that we cannot reliably predict a dog’s behavior or suitability based on breed
alone. Each dog is an individual. 19 Owners may be influenced as to what behavior to expect
from their dog, based upon breed stereotypes.20 Veterinarians must take the lead, and free
themselves from stereotypes, in order to better serve their clients, their clients’ animals, and
society.
REFERENCES
5
(Additional references available from the author.)
1 www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/Dog-Bites/dogbite-factsheet.html;
www.avma.org/issues/policy/dangerous_animal_legislation.asp;
www.nacanet.org/poldanger.html;
www.apdt.com/about/ps/breed_specific_legis.aspx.
2 Associated Press, “Dutch government to lift 25-year ban on pit bulls,” June 10, 2008
3 ANSA, “Italy Scraps Dangerous dog Blacklist,” March 3, 2009
4 K. Delise, The Pit Bull Placebo: The Media, Myths, and Politics of Canine Aggression, Anubis
Publishing, Ramsey, New Jersey, 2007
5 New York Times, January 1, 1925
6 German Shepherd Dog Club of South Australia, “History of the Breed,”
gsdcsa.org.au/breedhistory.htm.
7 New York Times, ‘Sport’ Pitting Dog Against Dog Is Reported Spreading Secretly,’ December
10, 1978; E.M. Swift,“The Pit Bull: Friend and Killer,” Sports Illustrated, July 27, 1987;D. Brand,
“Time Bomb on legs,” Time Magazine July 27, 1987
8 J. Sacks, L. Sinclair, G. Golab, et al, “Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the
United States between 1979 and 1998,” JAVMA, Vol 217, No. 6, Sept 15, 2000.
9 AVMA, “To Whom It May Concern,” open letter, copy furnished upon request
10 B. Beaver, et al, “A community approach to dog bite prevention: American Veterinary
Medical Association Task Force on Canine Aggression and Human-Canine Interactions,”
JAVMA, Vol 218, No. 11, June 11, 2001
11 Golab quoted in “Dangerous Breeds?”, Best Friends Magazine, Sept/Oct 2004, p 14
12 nationalcanineresearchcouncil.com/dog-bites/dog-bite-studies/wrong-numbers-notstats/;
G. Patronek, S. Slavinski, “Zoonosis Update: Animal Bites,” JAVMA, VOL 234, No. 3,
February 1, 2009.
13 B. Beaver, “In Opposition to the Ontario Law,” affidavit submitted in Cochrane v In Right of
Ontario, Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Court File No. 05-CV-295948PDI
14 Quoted in J. Brackman, “Can DNA Decipher the Mix?” The Bark, Issue #50, Sep/Oct 2008
15 V. Voith, E. Ingram, K Mitsouras, et al, “Comparison of Adoption Agency Identification and
DNA Breed Identification of Dogs,” Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, In Press July
2009
16 K. Delise, “Denver: Selective Counting and the Cost to Dogs and People, Animal Law
Coalition, www.animallawcoalition.com/breed-bans/article/648
17 Investigative Report State of Iowa Citizens’ Aide/Ombudsman, “Investigation of Maquoketa’s
Pit Bull Ban Ordinance and Enforcement,” Case File 0603634, December 21, 2006.
18 HQ, III Corps & Fort Hood Fort Hood, TX 76544 041229LAug 08, MISSION SUPPORT
ORDER PC 08-07-269
19 A. Marder and B. Clifford, “Breed Labeling dogs of Unknown Origin,”
nationalcanineresearchcouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/breedlabelingncrc.pdf
20 Duffy, D.L. et al, “Breed differences in canine aggression,” Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci, (2008)
doi: 10.1016jf.applamin.2008.04.006; S. Gosling, et al, “A Dog’s Got Personality: A Cross
Species Comparative Approach to Personality Judgments in Dogs and Humans,” Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, Vol. 85, No.6, 1161-1169
I look forward to learning much here